I then tried rebooting into MX Linux and the adapter was working there too. When Windows started up again, the adapter was working. Apparently it was, so I changed nothing and then selected 'save and exit'. I rebooted into the UEFI settings and looked to see whether the adapter was listed as enabled there. By this point I was convinced that the BSOD had killed the wireless adapter hardware, but I tried one more thing. I then booted into MX Linux from a USB stick, but that couldn't see the wireless adapter either. I ran 'DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth' and then 'sfc /scannow' in an adminstrator PowerShell, but still no joy. I plugged in an ethernet adapter and tried downloading and twice reinstalling the driver and then rebooting, but that didn't work. The network troubleshooter couldn't bring it back and it had completely disappeared from Device Manager. When I rebooted, my wifi adapter had completely disappeared (a Qualcomm Atheros QCA61x4A the computer is a Lenovo Yoga 710-14IKB). I had a BSOD (an undiagnosed graphics issue that is triggered by Skype conference calls).

I'm asking this question not for myself but for anyone who might run into the same problem as me in the future, to save them a lot of time and possibly panic.